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Article History

Received: 2 July 2025

Accepted: 3 October 2025

First Online: 5 November 2025

Declarations

:

: Stephanie Gabriele Werner: has received grant/research support from Pfizer; consulting fees from AbbVie, Janssen-Cilag, Lilly, Novartis, Pfizer, and UCB Pharma; speakers’ bureau fees from AbbVie, Lilly, Pfizer, and UCB Pharma. Ilka Schwarze: has received consulting fees and/or honoraria from AbbVie. Xenofon Baraliakos: has received grant/research support from AbbVie and Novartis; consulting fees from AbbVie, BMS, Chugai, MSD, Novartis, Pfizer, and UCB Pharma; speakers’ bureau fees from AbbVie, BMS, Celgene, Chugai, Merck, Novartis, Pfizer, and UCB Pharma; and is an editorial board member of the Annals of Rheumatic Diseases , the ASAS President, and the EULAR President-elect. Michael Fiene: has received consulting fees and/or honoraria from AMGEN, Janssen-Cilag, Novartis, Pfizer, Celltrion, Alfasigma and UCB. Jochen Walter: has received consulting fees and/or honoraria from AbbVie, Fraunhofer Institute, Gilead, GSK, Janssen-Cilag, Medac, Novartis, and Pfizer. Louis Bessette: has received grant/research support from AbbVie, Amgen, BMS, Celgene, Gilead, JAMP Pharma, Janssen, Lilly, Novartis, Pfizer, Sanofi, and UCB; consulting fees from AbbVie, Amgen, BMS, Fresenius Kabi, JAMP Pharma, Janssen, Lilly, Novartis, Organon, Pfizer, Sandoz, Sanofi, Teva, and UCB; and speakers’ bureau fees from AbbVie, Amgen, BMS, Fresenius Kabi, JAMP Pharma, Janssen, Lilly, Novartis, Organon, Pfizer, Sandoz, Sanofi, Teva, and UCB. Hugues Allard-Chamard: has received grant/research support from Fresenius Kabi, Lilly, and Pfizer; consulting fees from AbbVie, Amgen, AstraZeneca, BMS, Celltrion, GSK, Hoffmann-La Roche, Janssen, Lilly, Novartis, Pfizer, Sandoz, Sobi, and UCB; and speakers’ bureau fees from AbbVie, Amgen, AstraZeneca, BMS, Celltrion, Hoffmann-La Roche, Fresenius Kabi, GSK, Janssen, Lilly, Mantra Pharma, Novartis, Pfizer, Sandoz, Sobi, and UCB. Marie-Claude Laliberte, Tanya Girard, Katharina Jeromin, and Nikola Baschuk are employees of AbbVie Corporation and may own AbbVie stocks and/or options. Axel J Hueber: has received consultancy or speaker honoraria from AbbVie, Galapagos, Lilly, Novartis, and UCB and received funding for investigator-initiated studies from Galapagos and Novartis. Axel J Hueber consultant or speaker: Abbvie, BMS, Eli Lilly, Galapagos, Gilead, Novartis, UCB; Funding for investigator-initiated studies: Novartis.

: The ethics committee of the Medical Faculty of the Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg granted institutional review board approval on 8 December 2020 (# 458_20B), which was accepted by all study sites. The study is registered with the ClinicalTrials.gov database (NCT04758117) and was performed according to the declaration of Helsinki and its amendments [ ]. All participating patients had to sign the informed consent form before any study-related procedures.