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Authors
Kvien, Tore K. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8441-3093
Hansen, Johan L. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3954-8914
Böttger, Robert https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5537-3244
Freitas, Rita https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1145-6444
Jastorff, Jan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3885-9983
Mascia, Elena https://orcid.org/0009-0000-9776-7854
Gross, Manfred https://orcid.org/0009-0004-3838-4641
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Grünenthal GmbH
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Article History
Received: 16 July 2025
Accepted: 8 October 2025
First Online: 6 November 2025
Declarations
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: Tore K Kvien has received fees for speaking and/or consulting during last 2 years from AbbVie, Almirall, Astra Zeneca, Janssen and Sandoz, and received research funding to Diakonhjemmet Hospital from AbbVie, Galapagos, Novartis and Pfizer. Manfred Gross has received fees for speaking and/or consulting during last 2 years from Bristol-Myers Squibb, Janssen-Cilag, Luvos Heilerde, Merz Pharmaceuticals, Norgine, Pfizer, Reckitt Benckiser, Weber & Weber. Johan L Hansen is an employee of Quantify Research. Quantify Research, part of the Athagoras group, provides consulting and research services to the life science industry. Jan Jastorff, Robert Böttger, Rita Freitas, Elena Mascia are employees of Grünenthal GmbH or affiliates.
: Ethical approval was obtained from the ethical review board in South-East Norway (28745) and the regional ethical review board in Stockholm (2018/1634-31/2) for Norway and Sweden, respectively. The use of Finnish data did not require ethical approval.
