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Article History

Received: 10 June 2025

Accepted: 10 October 2025

First Online: 14 November 2025

Declarations

:

: Philip J Mease has received research grants from AbbVie, Acelyrin, Amgen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Johnson & Johnson, Novartis, and UCB; consulting fees from AbbVie, Acelyrin, Amgen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Century, Cullinan, Eli Lilly, Inmagene, Johnson & Johnson, Novartis, Pfizer, Spyre, Takeda, and UCB; and speaker fees from AbbVie, Amgen, Eli Lilly, Johnson & Johnson, Novartis, Pfizer, and UCB. Jessica Walsh received research funding from AbbVie, Merck, and Pfizer; and consulting fees from AbbVie, Eli Lilly, Johnson & Johnson, Novartis, and UCB. Timothy P Fitzgerald, Soumya D Chakravarty, and Elizabeth Adamson are employees of and own stock in Johnson & Johnson. Bruno Emond, Carmine Rossi, Samuel Schwartzbein, Kana Yokoji, Yuxi Wang, Patrick Lefebvre, and Dominic Pilon are employees of Analysis Group, Inc., a consulting company that has provided paid consulting services to Johnson & Johnson, which funded the development and conduct of this study. Shikha Singla received research funding from Eli Lilly and consulting fees from AbbVie, Janssen and UCB; and speaker fees from Johnson & Johnson. Joseph F Merola is a consultant and/or investigator for AbbVie, Amgen, Astra Zeneca, Biogen, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Dermavant, Eli Lilly, Incyte, Johnson & Johnson Leo Pharma, Moonlake, Novartis, Pfizer, Sanofi-Regeneron, Sun Pharma, and UCB.

: The IQVIA PharMetrics ® Plus database was used under license. All data were de-identified in compliance with the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA); therefore, institutional review board review was not required.