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Article History

Received: 11 August 2025

Accepted: 21 October 2025

First Online: 14 November 2025

Declarations

:

: During the completion of the manuscript, the affiliation of Dr. Manish Jain changed to Flourish Research, Chicago, IL, USA and Ravenswood Rheumatology, Chicago, IL, USA. Financial arrangements of the authors with companies whose products may be related to the present manuscript are listed, as declared by the authors. Christina Charles-Schoeman: has received grant support from Priovant, CSL Behring, Janssen; grant support and consultant for Octapharma, Pfizer, AbbVie Inc., Bristol Myers Squibb; consultant for Boehringer Ingelheim, Recludix. Patrick Zueger: Employee of AbbVie Inc. and may hold stock or options. Erin McDearmon-Blondell: Employee of AbbVie Inc. and may hold stock or options. Siran Fang: Employee of AbbVie Inc. and may hold stock or options. Yi Peng: Employee of AbbVie Inc. and may hold stock or options. Tanjinatus Oishi: Employee of AbbVie Inc. and may hold stock or options. Manish Jain: has received grant/research support from AbbVie Inc., Amgen, AnaptysBio, AstraZeneca, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celgene, Eli Lilly, Horizon, Janssen, Kolon TissueGene, LG Chem, Merck, Moderna, Novartis, Olatec, NIH, Pfizer, Selecta, and Shionogi. John Tesser: has received grant/research support from AbbVie Inc., Alpine, Amgen, Arthrosi Therapeutics, Bendcare, Biogen, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celgene, CorEvitas, CSL Behring, DRL, Eli Lilly, Emerald, Exagen, Genentech, Gilead, Global Health Living Foundation, Horizon, Janssen, Kolon TissueGene, Mitsubishi, Organogenesis, Pfizer, Samumed/Biosplice, Selecta, SetPoint, Sun Pharma, Takeda, and Vorso; served on advisory boards or as a consultant for AbbVie Inc., Amgen, AstraZeneca, Aurinia, Bristol Myers Squibb, Boehringer Ingelheim, Eli Lilly, GlaxoSmithKline, Janssen, Novartis, Pfizer, Samumed/Biosplice, Sanofi/Genzyme, and UCB; speaker fees from AbbVie Inc., Amgen, Aurinia, AstraZeneca, Bristol Myers Squibb (through 2021), Eli Lilly, GlaxoSmithKline, Janssen, Pfizer, Sanofi/Genzyme, and UCB.

: This was an observational research study which used a database of deidentified patient records for medical claims and electronic medical records. No interactions with patients occurred in the conduct of this study.