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Article History

Received: 10 April 2025

Accepted: 24 October 2025

First Online: 26 November 2025

Declarations

:

: Norbert Blank has received grant/research support from Novartis and Sobi; is a consultant of Novartis, Sobi, Lilly, Pfizer, AbbVie, BMS, MSD, Actelion, UCB, Boehringer-Ingelheim and Roche. Catharina Schuetz has received study support from Novartis. Markus Hufnagel has received study support from Novartis. Gerd Horneff has received grant/research support from AbbVie, Chugai, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Novartis, Pfizer and Roche and contributed to speaker’s bureau with AbbVie, Bayer, Chugai, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Novartis, Pfizer and Roche. Michael Borte has received grant/research support from Pfizer and Shire. Tilmann Kallinich received research support by Novartis. Prasad T. Oommen has received study support from Novartis. Ales Janda has received study support from Novartis. Joerg Henes has received grant/research support from Novartis, Roche, Sobi and is a Consultant of Novartis and has contributed to a speaker’s bureau with AbbVie, Chugai, Novartis, Sobi, AstraZeneca, Pfizer, BMS, GSK, Roche, Janssen, Boehringer-Ingelheim, UCB. Julia Weber-Arden was an employee of Novartis at the time of data acquisition and drafting of the manuscript and is now an employee of Fresenius Kabi at the time of publication. Michael Stock is an employee of Novartis. Jasmin B. Kuemmerle-Deschner has received grant/research support and speakers’ fees from Novartis and Sobi and is a consultant of Novartis and Sobi.

: The study was conducted according to the principles of the Helsinki Declaration of 1964 and its later amendments. The Ethics Committee of the Medical Faculty and the University Hospital Tübingen, as the leading ethics committee (ethical vote number: 531/2016B02), and the local ethics committees of participating institutions: The Heidelberg Ethics Committee (ethical vote number: S-509/2018), The Ethics Committee of the Philipps University Marburg (ethical vote number: 46/17), The Ethics Committee of the Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg (ethical vote number: 457/19), the Ethics Committee of the Sächsische Landesärztekammer (for Leipzig; ethical vote number: EK-BR-36/18-1), and The Ethics Committee at the Faculty of Medicine of Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf (ethical vote number: 2017034175), Germany, approved the protocol used in this non-interventional study. All patients or their legal guardians gave written informed consent.