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Article History

Received: 30 September 2025

Accepted: 11 December 2025

First Online: 26 December 2025

Declarations

:

: Amy S. Paller is an investigator for AbbVie, BioMendics, Dermavant, Eli Lilly, Incyte, Johnson & Johnson, Regeneron, and UCB; is a consultant for Abeona, Arcutis, BioCryst, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Castle Creek, Chiesi, Dermavant, Johnson & Johnson, Krystal, LEO, Lilly, L’Oreal, MoonLake Immunotherapeutics, Pelthos, Quoin, Regeneron, and Sanofi; and serves on the data safety monitoring boards of AbbVie, Abeona, BioCryst, Daiichi Sankyo, and Galderma. Corey J. Bishop, Jocelyn H. Leu, Katherine Berezny, Kathleen G. Lomax, Renping Zhang, Sophia G. Liva, and Valerie Smith are employees of Johnson & Johnson and own company stock/stock options. Edwin Lam was an employee of Johnson & Johnson when this work was conducted, their current affiliation is Biogen. Hermine I. Brunner reports having received contributions in the past 3 years from AbbVie, Bristol Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, GlaxoSmithKline, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Janssen, UCB, Novartis, and Pfizer (this funding has been reinvested for the research activities of the hospital in a fully independent manner, without any commitment to third parties); reports having received consulting fees from AbbVie, Astra Zeneca-Medimmune, Biogen, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celgene, Eli Lilly, EMD Serono, GlaxoSmithKline, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Janssen, Merck, Novartis, Pfizer, R-Pharm, UCB, and Sanofi; and has served on speakers’ bureaus for GlaxoSmithKline, Novartis, and Roche. Lucia Z. Diaz is an investigator for Janssen and Regeneron. Lara Wine Lee has received consulting fees from AbbVie, Chiesi, Kimberly-Clark Corporation, Krystal Biotech, and Nobelpharma; served as an investigator for AbbVie, Amryt Pharma, Arcutis Biotherapeutics, Bristol Myers Squibb, Castle Creek Biosciences, Celgene Corporation, Galderma, Incyte, Janssen, Kiniksa Pharmaceuticals, Eli Lilly, Mayne Pharma, Novartis, Pfizer, Regeneron, Sanofi, Target Pharma, Trevi Therapeutics, and UCB; and has served as an advisory board member for Eli Lilly, Novartis, Pfizer, and Regeneron. Cory Rubin reports being an investigator for AbbVie, Apollo Therapeutics, Bristol Myers Squibb, Bluefin, Cara Therapeutics, Castle Biosciences, CorEvitas, DermTech, Horizon Therapeutics, Incyte, Janssen, LEO Pharma, MoonLake Therapeutics, Pfizer, Regeneron, Sanofi, and Union Therapeutics; a consultant for AbbVie, Amgen, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Dermavant, Incyte, LEO Pharma, Pfizer, Regeneron, Sanofi, and UCB; and a speaker for AbbVie, Amgen, Boehringer Ingelheim, Castle Biosciences, Dermavant, DermTech, Galderma, Incyte, LEO Pharma, Pfizer, Regeneron, Sanofi, Sun Pharma, UCB, and Verrica. Ruy Carrasco reports being on the board of directors for BEN AI Inc. and owns company stocks. Lisa Imundo and Azadeh Majlessi have no disclosures to report.

: This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles that have their origin in the Declaration of Helsinki and that are consistent with Good Clinical Practices and applicable regulatory requirements. The study protocol, protocol amendments, and other relevant documents were reviewed and approved by the institutional review board (IRB) of the participating site (Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago IRB, University of Cincinnati Medical IRB, Columbia University Medical Center IRB, Akron Children’s Hospital IRB) or the central IRB (Sterling IRB; IRB ID: 9300-*MASTER) before the study was initiated. Participants or their legally designated representatives provided their written consent to participate in the study after having been informed about the nature and purpose of the study, participation/termination conditions, and risks and benefits.