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Article History

Received: 2 December 2025

Accepted: 10 February 2026

First Online: 19 March 2026

Declarations

:

: Gurjit S. Kaeley has received research grants from AbbVie, Bristol Myers Squibb, Galapagos, Olatec, Novartis, and Jannsen. Alan Kivitz has received consulting fees from Horizon, Fresenius Kabi, Pfizer, GSK, Janssen, Selecta, Genzyme, Gilead, SynAct, Takeda, UCB, and Grünenthal; has received payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing, or educational events from GSK, Eli Lilly, Pfizer, AbbVie, Amgen, and UCB; has been part of a board or advisory board for Horizon, Janssen, ChemoCentryx, UCB, and Novartis; and has stock or stock options in Pfizer, GSK, Gilead, Novartis, and Amgen. Philip Mease has received research grants from AbbVie, Amgen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Johnson & Johnson, Eli Lilly, Merck, MoonLake Pharma, Novartis, Pfizer, Takeda, and UCB; has received consulting fees from AbbVie, Bristol Myers Squibb, Century, Cullinan, Johnson & Johnson, Eli Lilly, Merck, MoonLake Pharma, Novartis, Oruka, Pfizer, Spyre, SUN Pharma, Takeda, and UCB; and has received speakers bureau fees from AbbVie, Amgen, Johnson & Johnson, Eli Lilly, Novartis, Pfizer, and UCB. Pamela F. Weiss has received consulting fees from Pfizer and has been part of an advisory board for Pfizer and Bristol Myers Squibb. Linda Grinnell-Merrick is an employee of and owns stock in Novartis. Dafna D. Gladman has received research grant support from AbbVie, Amgen, Eli Lilly, Fresenius Kabi, Novartis, Pfizer, and UCB and has received consulting fees from AbbVie, Amgen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Galapagos, Gilead, Janssen, Novartis, Pfizer, and UCB.

: This article is based on previously conducted studies and does not contain any new studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.