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Authors
Fujiwara, Saeko https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0114-5266
Hagino, Hiroshi https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8053-1095
Soen, Satoshi https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0955-2747
Yamamoto, Noriaki
Sawaguchi, Takeshi https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3056-6983
Matsushita, Takashi
Terasawa, Akiho https://orcid.org/0009-0008-1480-0881
Mishiro, Izumi https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8705-4364
Timoshanko, Jen
Saito, Ryuta
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
UCB
Amgen
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Article History
Received: 19 December 2025
Accepted: 27 February 2026
First Online: 25 March 2026
Declarations
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: Saeko Fujiwara has received lecture fees from Asahi Kasei Pharma Corporation, Teijin Parma LTD, UCB Japan Co., Ltd., and supervision fees from Amgen K.K. and GE Healthcare Japan, and Medical Data Card, Inc. Hiroshi Hagino has received lecture fees outside the submitted work from Amgen Inc., Asahi Kasei Pharma Corp., Astellas Pharma Inc., Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Eisai Co., Ltd., Kyowa Kirin Co., Ltd., Mochida Pharma Co., Ltd., Teijin Pharma Ltd., Towa Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. and UCB Japan Co., Ltd. Satoshi Soen has received consulting fees, speaking fees, and/or honoraria from Alexion Pharma LLC., Amgen Inc., Asahi Kasei Pharma Corp., Astellas Pharma Inc., Ayumi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Eli Lilly Japan Co., Ltd., Teijin Pharma Ltd., and UCB Japan Co., Ltd. Noriaki Yamamoto has received lecture fees from Amgen K.K., Asahi Kasei Pharma Corp., Astellas Pharma Inc., Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Teijin Pharma Ltd., UCB Japan Co., Ltd. Akiho Terasawa is an employee of UCB. Izumi Mishiro is an employee of UCB. Jen Timoshanko is an employee and stockholder of UCB. Ryuta Saito is an employee of UCB. Takeshi Sawaguchi and Takashi Matsushita declare that they have no competing interests.
: This study was conducted in accordance with the Japanese “Ethical Guidelines for Medical and Health Research Involving Human Subjects.” Studies using only de-identified secondary data without direct patient involvement are exempt from institutional review board approval [ ]. Data were obtained under contract and with permission from the Medical Data Vision (MDV) database. Further details are provided in the Materials and Methods section.
