Document is current

Article History

Received: 9 December 2025

Accepted: 23 March 2026

First Online: 5 May 2026

Declarations

Conflict of Interest: Uta Kiltz has received grant and research support and consultancy fees from AbbVie, Amgen, Biocad, Biogen, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Chugai, Eli Lilly, Fresenius, Gilead, GBA Group, Grünenthal, GSK, Hexal, Johnson & Johnson, MSD, Novartis, onkowissen.de, Pfizer, Roche, UCB, and Viatris. Dr. Kiltz also serves on the Data Safety Monitoring Board for COPAGO and GWD. Yi-Ming Chen has no conflicts of interest to declare. Andrea Rubbert-Roth received honoraria for lectures and consultation from AbbVie, Amgen, Johnson & Johnson, MSD, Pfizer, Medac, UCB, Novartis, Sanofi, and Lilly. Sergio Fonseca, José Antunes, Arun Singh, Richard Milek, and Jordan Wu are employees of Johnson & Johnson and shareholders of Johnson & Johnson stock. Jeffrey A. Sparks has received research support from Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Johnson & Johnson, and Sonoma Biotherapeutics unrelated to this work. Dr. Sparks has performed consultancy for AbbVie, Amgen, Anaptys, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Fresenius Kabi, Gilead, GSK, Inova Diagnostics, Invivyd, Johnson & Johnson, Merck, MustangBio, Novartis, Optum, Pfizer, ReCor, Sana, Sobi, and UCB unrelated to this work.

Ethical Approval: This narrative review is based on previously conducted studies and does not contain any new studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors; formal ethics approval was not required.