Document is current

Article History

Accepted: 31 July 2025

First Online: 1 October 2025

Declarations

:

: This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors.

: Author A.S. receives research support from the National Institutes of Health K23HD102554, Reckitt Mead Johnson, and Gerber Foundation. Authors A.S. receives consulting fees and honoraria for speaking from Reckitt Mead Johnson and has stock options in Resbiotic, Inc.Author G.V. receives research support from the National Institutes of Health K23HD105929, Thrasher Research Fund, and Gerber Foundation. Author G.V. is a member of the data safety and monitoring board for the Lift-Up Study.Author C.B. receives research support from the National Institutes of Health, K23HD109407, Robert E. Leet and Clara Guthrie Patterson Trust Mentored Research Award, and the Doris Duke Charitable Foundation.Author M.G. has no financial interests.Author C.M. receives research support from the National Institutes of Health (R01HD106359. R01HD108646, R21HD115905) and Mead Johnson Nutrition. Author C.M. receives consulting fees from Baxter, Plakous, Vitara, and Lactalogics. C.M. receives honoraria for speaking for Baxter. C.M. has provided expert testimony for Winston& Strawn.Author A.H. receives research support from the National Institutes of Health R01DK135602, Chan Zuckerberg Initiative, and Gerber Foundation.

: Author A.S. serves as Secretary for Babies Without Borders, President-Elect for the Southern Society for Pediatric Research, and serves on the data safety monitoring board for PRISM Trial (unpaid). Authors A.S. holds a patent with the University of Alabama.Author C.M. serves on the Scientific Advisory Council for the NEC Society (unpaid position).Author A.H. serves as Past-President for the Southern Society for Pediatric Research and serves on the Scientific Advisory Council for the NEC Society (unpaid position).Authors G.V., C.B., and M.G. do not have any non-financial interests to disclose.