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Article History

Received: 4 April 2024

Accepted: 16 January 2025

First Online: 3 March 2025

Declarations

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: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

: This work adheres to the guidelines and ethical considerations outlined in the privacy policies of each social media platform involved in our study. We acknowledge the public nature and free accessibility of content posted on social network platforms, which are not password-protected and have thousands of active users. All analyses are conducted using publicly available data, and we do not attempt to track users across different platforms. In data preprocessing, we anonymized all user names or account IDs. Our data sets do not contain any information about individuals, and we have taken measures to ensure that our results do not disclose the identity of any specific account.