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Authors
Wang, Baoyu
Yang, Mao
Cao, Pingping
Shen, Aihong
Liu, Yan
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Province (No. 2022BS105)
Fundamental Research Funds for Technical Study of Ministry of Public Security of China (No. 2023JSYJC23)
Public Security Theory and Soft Science Foundation of Ministry of Public Security of China (No. 2023LL21)
Basic Research Projects of Liaoning Provincial Department of Education with Grant (No. JYTMS20231411)
the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of Criminal Investigation Police University of China with Grant (No. C2023008)
the Key Research Foundation of Criminal Investigation Police University of China (No. D2025009)
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Article History
Received: 5 March 2025
Accepted: 28 June 2025
First Online: 11 July 2025
Declarations
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: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
: The data used in this paper are from publicly available datasets and do not violate any ethical guidelines.
