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Authors
Huang, Nannan
Rahman, Abdul Hadi Abd
Daud, Kauthar Mohd
Shi, Liantao
Wang, Hongqing
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Fakulti Teknologi dan Sains Maklumat UKM (TT-2023-012)
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Article History
Received: 28 July 2025
Accepted: 18 September 2025
First Online: 29 December 2025
Declarations
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: On behalf of all authors, we declare that there are no competing interests, including direct or indirect benefits or financial ties to the subject matter or materials discussed in the manuscript. All authors confirm that they have no relevant financial or non-financial interests that could be construed as influencing the results or interpretation of their work presented in this paper. We have no professional or financial relationships with other people or organizations that could inappropriately influence our work, and there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work.
