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Efficient multilingual spam detection on resource-constrained devices: a comparative analysis of QLoRA fine-tuning of Gemma 3, Qwen 3, and Llama 3.2 models

Crossref DOI link: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40747-026-02247-x

Published Online: 2026-02-24

Published Print: 2026-03

Update policy: https://doi.org/10.1007/springer_crossmark_policy

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