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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (TT-2023-012)
Aba Teachers University (AS-RCZX2025-07)
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Article History
Received: 6 October 2025
Accepted: 13 February 2026
First Online: 12 March 2026
Declarations
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: On behalf of all authors, we declare that there are no competing interests, including direct or indirect benefits or financial ties to the subject matter or materials discussed in the manuscript. All authors confirm that they have no relevant financial or non-financial interests that could be construed as influencing the results or interpretation of their work presented in this paper. We have no professional or financial relationships with other people or organizations that could inappropriately influence our work, and there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work.
