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Article History

Received: 23 December 2025

Accepted: 4 March 2026

First Online: 31 March 2026

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

: This study used retrospectively collected, fully anonymized non-contrast CT images that were originally acquired during routine clinical care. No identifiable patient information, clinical records, or metadata were accessible to the authors. The study did not involve prospective data collection, patient interaction, or clinical intervention and all analyzes were conducted in accordance with institutional data protection policies and applicable ethical guidelines.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.