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Article History

Received: 23 December 2025

Accepted: 24 June 2026

First Online: 17 July 2026

Declarations

Conflict of interest: The authors declare that they have no competing financial or personal interests that could have influenced the work reported in this paper.

Ethical approval and consent to participate: This study uses railway component inspection images and does not involve human participants, human subject data, animals, or personally identifiable information.

Consent for publication: All authors have reviewed the manuscript and consented to its publication.

Materials availability: Not applicable.