Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (52274093)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (42402285)
Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation (2023A1515111071)
Open Research Fund Program of the Key Laboratory of Safety for Geotechnical and Structural Engineering of Hubei Province (Open Research Fund Program of the Key Laboratory of Safety for Geotechnical and Structural Engineering of Hubei Province)
Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program by CAST (2024QNRC001)
Article History
Received: 8 April 2025
Revised: 3 June 2025
Accepted: 10 March 2026
First Online: 4 April 2026
Declarations
:
: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.