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Article History

Accepted: 30 November 2024

First Online: 21 December 2024

Declarations

:

: This research was funded by a Research Starter Grant in Adherence Improvement from the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA) Foundation. The funder had no role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript; and the decision to submit the manuscript for publication.

: Julia F. Slejko reports grants from the PhRMA Foundation for the submitted work and other work, grants from the National Health Council, grants from Genentech, Inc., and consulting fees from Boehringer Ingelheim, outside the submitted work. Yun-Yi Pan, Sandeep Devabhakthuni, and Catherine E. Cooke have no conflicts of interest that are directly relevant to the content of this article.

: This study was reviewed and approved by the University of Maryland Human Research Protections Office, Protocol #HP-00071080.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: The data used for this study were accessed under a data use agreement with the US Centers for Medicare and Medicaid (CMS). Therefore, the data are not available for use outside the study team.

: The SAS code for analysis is available upon request.

: All authors contributed to the concept and design. The analysis and interpretation of the data were performed by Y-YP and JFS. All authors contributed to the drafting of the article and critical revision of the article for important intellectual content. JFS was responsible for obtaining funding and for the supervision of the project. All authors read and approved the final version.