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Article History

Accepted: 25 February 2025

First Online: 14 March 2025

Declarations

:

: No funding was received for the preparation of this article.

: The authors report no conflicts of interest with respect to the contents of the current study, but note that the patients in the study were treated with a number of disease-modifying drugs and that the authors have received advisory board, membership, and speakers honoraria, travel support, research grants, consulting fees, or clinical trial support from the manufacturers of those drugs, including Actelion, Allergan, Almirall, Alexion, Bayer Schering, Biogen, Celgene, Excemed, Genzyme, Forward Pharma, Ipsen, Medday, Merck, Mylan, Novartis, Sanofi, Roche, and Teva, and their local affiliates.

: The Italian MS Register (RISM) was approved by the Ethics Committee of the “Azienda Ospedaliera/Universitaria-Policlinico of Bari” (Study REGISTRO SM001, approved on 08/07/2016). The study was performed in accordance with the standards of ethics outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki.

: Patients signed an informed consent, in line with the Italian MS Register (RISM) rules, that allows the use of clinical data for research purposes.

: Not applicable.

: Anonymized data will be shared on reasonable request from a qualified investigator.

: Not applicable.

: PI, TG, CF: conception and design of the study, acquisition and analysis of data, drafting the manuscript and figures; DP, AB: data acquisition and drafting a significant portion of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final version.