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Article History

Accepted: 18 May 2025

First Online: 28 June 2025

Declarations

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: Conducting IPS in any patient with epilepsy plus a claim of clinical photosensitivity has been the standard of medical care since the 1950s and still is today [References A, B]. IPS testing is considered a safe tool for diagnosis and evaluation of effect of antiseizure medication when applied correctly [Reference C]. All patients that have been or presently are referred to a tertiary care hospital in the Netherlands have to give written, informed consent from the patient or guardian prior to the diagnostic tests. We retrospectively mined de-identified patient data from 1990 to 2000 for analysis. These type of clinically gathered data were considered exempt from IRB review. This study was conducted in strict accordance with the ethical principles outlined in the World Medical Association’s Declaration of Helsinki. A. Tatum WO, Rubboli G, Kaplan PW, Mirsatari SM, Radhakrishnan K, Gloss D, Caboclo LO, Drislane FW, Koutroumanidis M, Schomer DL, Kasteleijn-Nolst Trenité D, Cook M, Beniczky S. Clinical utility of EEG in diagnosing and monitoring epilepsy in adults. Clin Neurophysiol 2018 May; 129(5):1056-1082. B. Kasteleijn-Nolst Trenité D, Rubboli G, Hirsch E, Martins da Silva A, Seri S, Wilkins A, Parra J, Covanis A, Elia M, Capovilla G, Stephani U, Harding G. Methodology of photic stimulation revisited: updated European algorithm for visual stimulation in the EEG laboratory. Epilepsia 2012 Jan; 53(1):16-24. . C. Whitehead K, Sherratt M, Kandler R, Lawrence S, Pang C. Photic stimulation during electroencephalography: efficacy and safety in an unselected cohort of patients referred to UK neurophysiology departments. Seizure 2016 Jan; 34:29-34.

: Not applicable. Also note: Large Language Models (LLMs; e.g., ChatGPT), were not utilized in the initial, subsequent drafts, or final version of our manuscript.

: Not applicable.

: Dorothee Kasteleijn-Nolst Trenité (D.K.N.T.)—conceptualization, data curation, writing—original draft, and writing—review and editing; Ronald C. Reed (R.C.R.)—conceptualization, data curation, data analysis, statistical analysis, writing—original draft, and writing—review and editing; Alessandro Ferretti (A.F.)—data analysis, statistical analysis, visualization, writing—original draft, and writing—review and editing; Anteo di Napoli (A.D.N.)—data analysis, statistical analysis, visualization, writing—original draft, and writing—review and editing; Pasquale Parisi (P.P.)—supervision and writing—review and editing.

: The authors declare that this study received no financial support from internal or external resources.

: All authors declare no financial, nor non-financial, conflicts of interest.

: Upon justifiable request, data that supports the findings of this study may be obtained by contacting either the corresponding author, Ronald C. Reed, or the primary author, Dorothee’ G.A. Kasteleijn-Nolst Trenité.

: AEs adverse effects, ASMs antiseizure medicines, BCPs birth control pills, CNS central nervous system, CI confidence interval, EEG electroencephalogram or electroencephalographic, GABA gaba-amino-butyric acid, Hz hertz, IGE idiopathic generalized epilepsy, IPS intermittent photic stimulation, IQR interquartile range, JME juvenile myoclonic epilepsy, PD pharmacodynamics, PK pharmacokinetics, PPR photoparoxysmal response, PoP proof-of-principle, SPR standardized photosensitivity range, SEIN Health Center, NL Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, STD standard deviation,  VPA valproic acid