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Article History

Accepted: 20 May 2025

First Online: 16 June 2025

Declarations

:

: We acknowledge the support of the University of Maryland, Baltimore, Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (ICTR) and the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS) Clinical Translational Science Award (CTSA).

: The authors have no competing interests to declare that are directly or indirectly related to the work submitted for publication.

: The initial research question was conceptualized by LW who received funding to support data storage and analysis. All authors (LW, YHF, DQ, CT) contributed to study design and analytic decisions in an iterative process. The data analysis was conducted by CT with guidance from all authors. YF wrote the first draft of manuscript, with guidance from all authors. All authors contributed to manuscript drafting and revision. All authors approved the final version to be published and agreed to be accountable for all aspects of the work.

: This study was exempt from review by the University of Maryland Baltimore Institutional Review Board.

: The study used previously collected and de-identified data to protect insurance beneficiary privacy; therefore, no formal patient consent was required.

: The materials supporting the conclusions are included within the manuscript as tables, figures, and supplementary material. The original claims data is from a commercial vendor and is proprietary.

: Available upon request.