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Article History

Accepted: 18 March 2026

First Online: 3 April 2026

Declarations

:

: Ola K. Obeid, Bashir A. Yousef, Yousif B. Hamadalneel, Mawahib A. Mustafa, Amani Abdelaziz Mahmoud, and Elkhanssa Abdelhameed Ahmed Elhag have no conflicts of interest that are directly relevant to the content of this article.

: The study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles of the 1975 Declaration of Helsinki. Ethics approval (FPEC-30-2022) was obtained from the Ethical Committee of the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Khartoum.

: Written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to enrollment. The confidentiality and anonymity of the participants’ data were strictly maintained throughout the research process.

: Not applicable.

: The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

: Not applicable.

: OKO, BAY, and EAAE conceptualized and designed the study. OKO, MAM, and AAM contributed to patient recruitment and data acquisition, whereas OKO, BAY, YBH, and EAAE were involved in conducting the study, performing the data analysis, and interpreting the results. BAY and EAAE supervised the research. All the authors contributed to the writing of the first draft of the manuscript. BAY and YBH edited the final draft and provided critical revisions. All the authors reviewed, edited, and approved the final manuscript.

: During the preparation of this work, the authors used OpenAI. (2025). ChatGPT (July 19 version) to assist in generating descriptive text summarizing the contents of the tables and to improve grammar, clarity, and academic tone. After using this OpenAI. (2025). ChatGPT (July 19 version) , the author(s) reviewed and edited the content as needed and take(s) full responsibility for the content of the publication.