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Article History

Accepted: 21 May 2026

First Online: 15 June 2026

Declarations

Ethics Approval: This study was conducted in accordance with ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and was reported in accordance with the Guidelines for Good Pharmacoepidemiology Practices of the International Society for Pharmacoepidemiology and the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) guidelines. All data were accessed in a Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act-compliant manner. The study did not require institutional review board approval as this was a noninterventional study based on de-identified administrative claims data.

Consent to Participate: Not applicable.

Consent for Publication: Not applicable.

Author Contributions: Conceptualization: BD, LN’D, JC, MS, and JLS. Methodology: BD, LN’D, JC, MS, and JLS. Formal analysis: MS, JLS, and ZJ. Writing—original draft preparation: JLS Writing—review and editing: BD, LN’D, JC, MS, and JLS. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Conflict of Interest: Joseph L. Smith, Zhengzheng Jiang, and Mukul Singhal are employees of Carelon Research (Elevance Health Subsidiary), which received funding from Novartis. Joseph L. Smith and Mukul Singhal are shareholders of Elevance Health. Batul Dahodwala is an employee of Novartis. Laetitia N’Dri and Joaquim Cristino were employees of Novartis at the time of the project.

Data Availability Statement: The datasets analyzed in this article were from a propriety database available through the HealthCore Integrated Research Database (HIRD ® ) website. .

Code Availability: Not applicable.