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Article History

Received: 6 December 2024

Revised: 18 December 2025

Accepted: 21 February 2026

First Online: 25 May 2026

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no potential conflict of interest.

: This study strictly adheres to international academic research ethics guidelines and complies with the ethical standards set forth by the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE). The specific declarations are as follows: (1) Research Nature Description: this study is a methodological research in the field of management science. It does not involve human subjects or experimental animals, nor does it utilize any related data, samples, or materials. Accordingly, it requires no ethical review related to human or animal research. (2) Research Integrity Commitment: the research findings presented in this manuscript are true and objective, free from data fabrication, falsification, or improper data manipulation (including image manipulation). The research design, data collection, analysis, and conclusions are all conducted in accordance with good scientific practices, with no misleading statements. (3) Submission Compliance Declaration: this manuscript is an original work that has not been published in any form (in whole or in part) or in any language in other journals or publications, nor is it under concurrent consideration by any other journal. No “salami-slicing” practices (i.e., splitting a single study into multiple submissions) have been employed in this research. (4) Ethical Review Status: in accordance with COPE ethical guidelines and the regulations of the authors’ affiliated institutions, this study does not involve human subjects, sensitive data, or content requiring ethical review. After verification, it poses no ethical risks and thus does not require additional approval from an Institutional Ethics Review Board.

: All listed authors confirm that: (1) they have made substantial contributions to the conception, design, implementation, data analysis, or manuscript writing of this study; they possess a clear understanding of the manuscript’s framework, logical structure, core conclusions, and all content, and they endorse the completeness and accuracy of the final submitted version. (2) They have been fully informed of all revisions made during the manuscript’s modification process and have no objections to these adjustments. (3) They meet the criteria for authorship in compliance with academic standards, and all listed authors assume corresponding responsibilities for the research findings. (4) They consent to the submission of this manuscript to the journal for publication and have full knowledge of and agree to the journal’s relevant publication policies. (5) All data, texts, and theories cited from other sources in the manuscript have been properly attributed. No plagiarism has been committed, and all references conform to academic citation norms.