Document is current

Article History

Received: 13 June 2025

Accepted: 1 August 2025

First Online: 2 September 2025

Declarations

:

: Osamu Uehara is an employee of ALCARE Co., Ltd. The measurement device used in this study was developed by ALCARE Co., Ltd., and the experiments were conducted using the company’s research facilities and equipment. Study participants were recruited as volunteers from among employees of ALCARE Co., Ltd. who had no involvement in the study design, data acquisition planning, data analysis, or interpretation of the results. As described in the Acknowledgments section, employees of ALCARE Co., Ltd. provided technical and analytical support for this study; however, they were not involved in the study design, data interpretation, or decision-making regarding the conclusions. Takao Nakamura has received one million yen per year in collaborative research funding from ALCARE Co., Ltd. The authors declare that these relationships did not influence the scientific conduct, analysis, or conclusions of this study.

: The study was approved by the Ethical Review Committee of ALCARE Corporation (DP04-48-20210909) and Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Okayama University Hospital (2210-046), and experiments were conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.

: All participants provided written consent prior to the experiments.

: The authors affirm that human research participants provided informed consent for publication of the images in Fig. 1(c).