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Authors
Smith, Curtis D.
Simmons, Cortney
Rodgers, Emma
Cauffman, Elizabeth
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Office of Justice Programs
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation
National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01 DA 019697 05)
National Institute of Justice (2008-IJ-CX-0023)
Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (2005-JK-FX-K001)
Pennsylvania Commission on Crime & Delinquency
Robert Wood Johnson Foundation
William Penn Foundation
William T. Grant Foundation
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Article History
Received: 21 March 2025
Revised: 26 June 2025
Accepted: 13 September 2025
First Online: 29 October 2025
Declarations
:
: The authors declare no competing interests.
