Coles, Christabel
Wickersham, Alice
Lankester, Madison
Jolliffe, Darrick
Blackwood, Nigel
Dickson, Hannah
Funding for this research was provided by:
Administrative Data Research (ADR) UK (ES/P000703/1)
Article History
Received: 12 September 2025
Revised: 25 November 2025
Accepted: 9 December 2025
First Online: 11 February 2026
Declarations
:
: Author D.J. is an Editor of the Journal of Developmental and Life-course Criminology. A.W. and N. B. are supported by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre (BRC). The views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the NHS, the NIHR or the Department of Health and Social Care.