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Authors
Wickersham, Alice
Cornish, Rosie
Dickson, Hannah
Scott, Stephen
Downs, Johnny
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Administrative Data Research UK (ADR UK), an Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) investment (ES/W002531/1)
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Article History
Received: 12 January 2026
Revised: 22 May 2026
Accepted: 26 May 2026
First Online: 30 June 2026
Declarations
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: This work was undertaken in the Office for National Statistics Secure Research Service using Data First linked administrative data. The use of the data in this work does not imply the endorsement of the ONS or data owners (e.g. MoJ and DfE) in relation to the interpretation or analyses of the statistical data. This work uses research datasets which may not exactly reproduce National Statistics aggregates. National statistics follow consistent statistical conventions over time and cannot be compared to Data First linked datasets.This research was carried out at the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre (BRC). JD was supported by a National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Clinician Science Fellowship award (CS-2018-18-ST2–014) and receives additional funding from the Medical Research Council (MR/Y030788/1; MR/W002493/1). The views expressed are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the NIHR or the Department of Health and Social Care.
