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Article History

Received: 30 January 2025

Revised: 9 October 2025

Accepted: 16 November 2025

First Online: 6 April 2026

Declarations

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: The authors report having no conflicts of interest. The authors declare that no funds or support were received during the preparation of this manuscript. On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that informed consent was obtained from all participants involved in the study. On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author affirms that human and animal rights were upheld in the study. LM and MA contributed to the experimental hypothesis, conception, and study design. LM conducted all neuronal studies. With the guidance of LM and MA, AR completed studies and analysis of mitochondrial networks and mitochondrial-endoplasmic reticulum colocalization in NIH3T3 cells. LM completed the unfolded protein response studies and analysis in hippocampal neurons and the oxidative phosphorylation studies. The methods in the manuscript were drafted by AR while LM drafted the remainder of the manuscript. All authors edited and approved the final manuscript.

: The authors do not have any conflicts of interest to report.