Retraction Retraction dated 2026-07-27

Article History

Received: 16 April 2025

Accepted: 16 May 2025

First Online: 26 January 2026

Change Date: 27 July 2026

Change Type: Correction

Change Details: This article has been retracted. Please see the Retraction Notice for more detail:

Change Details: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40979-026-00230-0

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate: Ethical approval for this study was obtained from the Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) of the University of Education, Winneba, Ghana, and the Botswana University of Agriculture and Natural Resources. Informed consent was obtained from all participants, and for minors, additional consent was secured from parents or legal guardians. Participants were informed of the purpose, procedures, and voluntary nature of the study, and were assured of their right to withdraw at any point without penalty. Strict confidentiality and anonymity protocols were followed throughout the research process.

Consent for publication: All authors have read and approved the final version of the manuscript and consent to its publication. Participants were fully informed that the data collected would be used strictly for academic and research purposes, including publication in scholarly journals. Consent was obtained from all participants, and for those under the age of 18, consent was additionally obtained from their parents or legal guardians. All data presented in the publication are anonymized to protect participants’ identities.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.