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Authors
Shamatov, Duishon
Ispambetova, Botagoz
Baikenov, Kanat
Kuzhabekova, Aliya
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Nazarbayev University Collaborative Research Program (211123CRP1607)
Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (SSHRC), Partnership Development Grant (890-2023-0149)
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Article History
Received: 19 September 2025
Accepted: 25 April 2026
First Online: 9 May 2026
Declarations
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: This study was conducted in accordance with the Research Policy of Nazarbayev University and the Institutional Research Ethics Committee, as well as applicable legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The study was reviewed and approved by the Nazarbayev University Institutional Research Ethics Committee. All participants were informed about the purpose of the research, their voluntary participation, and their right to withdraw at any time. Written and oral informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to data collection.
: Consent for publication was included as part of the informed consent process. All data are anonymised and do not contain identifying information.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
