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Article History

Received: 21 August 2025

Accepted: 31 January 2026

First Online: 12 March 2026

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no Conflict of interest.

: This study analysed only publicly available, aggregate, non-identifiable data (2021 Australian Bureau of Statistics mesh-block and SA1 demographic tables, and publicly available hospital locations). No human participants, patient records, or administrative/clinical datasets were used, and no intervention or interaction with individuals occurred. In accordance with prevailing human research ethics guidance for analyses of anonymised, publicly available data, formal ethics review was not required. No administrative permissions or licences were needed to access the data.

: Not applicable.