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Article History

Received: 12 June 2025

Accepted: 19 September 2025

First Online: 1 December 2025

Declarations

:

: Guy Brusselle has received speaker fees from and served on advisory boards for AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Chiesi, GSK, MSD, Novartis, and Sanofi. Peter G. Gibson has received speaker’s fees, and research grants from AstraZeneca, Chiesi, GSK, and Novartis. John J. Oppenheimer has served on adjudication committees or data and safety monitoring boards for AstraZeneca, GSK, Novartis, and Sanofi/Regeneron, and has received grants and personal fees from GSK. Ian D. Pavord has received speaker’s honoraria for speaking at sponsored meetings from AstraZeneca, Aerocrine, Almirall, Sanofi/Regeneron, Menarini, and GSK, and payments for organizing educational events from AstraZeneca, GSK, and Sanofi/Regeneron. He has received honoraria for attending advisory panels with Sanofi/Regeneron, AstraZeneca, GSK, Merck, Circassia, Chiesi, and Areteia. He has received sponsorship to attend international scientific meetings from GSK, AstraZeneca, and Sanofi/Regeneron. David Leather and Emilio Pizzichini are former employees of GSK and David Leather holds financial equities in GSK. Jodie Crawford, Alison Moore, and Marcus Stanaland are employees of GSK and hold financial equities in GSK.

: Ethical approval was not required as this article is based on previously conducted studies and does not contain any new studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.