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Article History

Received: 24 October 2025

Accepted: 20 November 2025

First Online: 10 December 2025

Declarations

:

: Kai M. Beeh has received personal and/or institutional compensation for clinical research, consulting, and/or lecturing fees from AstraZeneca, Bosch Healthcare Solutions, Chiesi, Clario, GSK, Novartis, Menarini/Berlin Chemie, Orion, Sanofi, and Sterna. Kai M. Beeh is an Editor-in-Chief of Pulmonary Therapy . Kai M. Beeh was not involved in the selection of peer reviewers for the manuscript nor any of the subsequent editorial decisions. Tim Harrison is an employee of AstraZeneca, UK, and holds shares and share options in AstraZeneca. Enrico Heffler reports personal fees for: consulting activities from Sanofi, Regeneron, GSK, Novartis, AstraZeneca, Stallergenes-Greer, Chiesi, Almirall, Bosch, Lofarma; lecturing and educational activities from Sanofi, Regeneron, GSK, Novartis, AstraZeneca, Stallergenes-Greer, Chiesi, Almirall, Bosch, Lofarma; participation on data safety monitoring or advisory boards from Sanofi, Regeneron, GSK, Novartis, AstraZeneca, Stallergenes-Greer, Chiesi, Almirall, Bosch, Lofarma. Hartmut Timmermann reports fees for speaker, lecturing and consulting activities, and/or research grants from AstraZeneca, Almirall, Astellas Pharma, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Berlin-Chemie, Chiesi, GSK, Leti Pharma, Meda, Mundipharma, Novartis, Nycomed, Pfizer, Sanofi, Takeda, Teva. Stephan Weber is an employee of ACOMED Statistik. The institution received compensation for performing statistical analyses from Bosch Healthcare Solutions GmbH. Sandra Wegner is a full-time employee of Bosch Healthcare Solutions GmbH.

: The study was carried out in accordance with Good Clinical Practice guidelines under the provisions of the latest version of the Declaration of Helsinki (2013) and the protocol received approval from the State Chamber of Physicians of Hesse (Ethikkommission der Landesärztekammer Hessen) as the coordinating ethics committee of the German principle investigator, and ethics committees at Instituto Clinica Humanitas, Milano, Italy. The study was registered at the German Clinical Trial Register (Number DRKS00029118) on July 1, 2022. All patients provided written informed consent prior to any study-related activities.