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Authors
Tajima, Atsushi https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9193-9934
Arai, Yoko
Nakamura, Takao
Tokita, Shigeru
Watzker, Anna
Sugiyama, Takumi
Emoto, Noriaki
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Merck Sharp and Dohme K.K.
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Article History
Received: 10 October 2025
Accepted: 7 January 2026
First Online: 16 February 2026
Declarations
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: Atsushi Tajima, Yoko Arai, Takao Nakamura, and Shigeru Tokita are employees of MSD K.K.; Anna Watzker is an employee of Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC, a subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA; Takumi Sugiyama is an employee of JMDC, Inc., which owns the database and was contracted by MSD K.K. to analyze the data; Noriaki Emoto has received honoraria from MSD K.K.
: This study was conducted with the approval of the Ethical Review Committee of RiverSide Clinic (Sapporo, Japan) ID# 13000005. Informed consent was not obtained since this study was conducted using anonymized data. The dataset was provided by JMDC Inc. with approval for research use.
