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Article History

Received: 24 December 2025

Accepted: 5 February 2026

First Online: 24 February 2026

Declarations

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: Hugh Etchingham-Coll has nothing to disclose. Neso Okezie-Enyioma has nothing to disclose. Nieve Martin has nothing to disclose. Ekrem Temizel has nothing to disclose. Punchalee Kaenmuange reports lecture fees from AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, and GalaxoSmithKline. Sean Coghlan has nothing to disclose. Paolo Spagnolo is an Editorial Board member of Pulmonary Therapy . Paolo Spagnolo was not involved in the selection of peer reviewers for the manuscript nor any of the subsequent editorial decisions. Paolo Spagnolo reports consulting fees from PPM Services, honoraria for lectures from Boehringer Ingelheim and Chiesi, honoraria for participation to advisory board from AstraZeneca, BMS, CSL Behring, MSD, and Trevi, support for attending meetings from PPM Services, and research funding from Boehringer Ingelheim, Chiesi, PPM Services and Roche. His wife is an employee of AstraZeneca. Nazia Chaudhuri is an Editorial Board member of Pulmonary Therapy . Nazia Chaudhuri was not involved in the selection of peer reviewers for the manuscript nor any of the subsequent editorial decisions. Nazia Chaudhuri reports educational grants to attend conferences from Boehringer Ingelheim, Chiesi, GlaxoSmithKline and Intermune, project grants from Intermune and Boehringer Ingelheim, speaker fees from Intermune, Boehringer Ingelheim, Roche and Astra Zeneca and Advisory board from Intermune, BI and Roche. Consultancy fees Roche, Boehringer Ingelheim, Carrick, Redex, Novartis, Luminal Bioscience, Vicor Pharma, Brideg Therapeutics, Astra Zeneca, Transcrip, NICE, RCP, Fortea, Abbvie, Avalyn and Ferrer.

: This article is based on previously conducted studies and does not contain any new studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors. Ethical approval is not applicable.