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Article History

Received: 20 February 2026

Accepted: 17 April 2026

First Online: 19 May 2026

Declarations

:

: The authors declare the following conflict of interest: B.A. (Basem Alraddadi) received funding for this project from Pfizer, R.A. (Reem S. AlMaghrabi) received funding for this project from Pfizer, M.B. (Mohamed Bosaeed) received funding for this project from Pfizer, M.K. (Mohamed Kamal) has no conflicts to declare, A.H. (Ashraf Hassanien), H.H. (Haridy Hammam), G.Z. (Giovanni Zanotti), B.K.I. (Burcu Karakuzu Ikizler), F.L.H. (Florence Lefebvre d'Hellencourt, J.R.S. (Julia Regazzini Spinardi), L.W. (Lu Wang), and M.H.K. (Moe H Kyaw) are Pfizer employees at the time of research. Florence Lefebvre d'Hellencourt changed affiliation to CHU La Réunion, France at the time of manuscript publication. The funder had a role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, and interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; and in the decision to publish the results.

: The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Ethical approval for the protocol was provided from all three sites’ institutional review boards (study approval code 2023–35 from Research Ethics Committee KFSH&RC–Jeddah, study approval code 2231148 from Research Ethics Committee KFSH&RC–Riyadh, and study approval SRC23R/007/004 from King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC) IRB). As this study involves anonymized structured data, written informed consent for participation was not required in accordance with the national legislation and the institutional requirements.

: The authors would like to thank all the patients participating in this study and the healthcare personnel who provided care and contributed to patient data collection at National Guard Hospital–Riyadh, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center–Riyadh, and King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center–Jeddah.