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Article History

Received: 2 July 2026

Accepted: 24 August 2026

First Online: 8 September 2026

Declarations

Ethical Approval: This article is based on previously conducted studies and does not contain any new studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.

Conflict of Interest: Giacomo Giulianelli, Serena Bellani, Gioele Castelli, and Giordano Fiorentù have nothing to disclose.Elisabetta Balestro reports consultancy fees from Boehringer Ingelheim and payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, manuscript writing or educational events from Boehringer Ingelheim.Surinder S. Birring reports an investigator-initiated research grant from MSD, and consultancy fees unrelated to this work from Merck, GSK, Trevi, Axalbion, Nocion, and Nerre.Paolo Spagnolo reports grants from Chiesi, Roche, Boehringer Ingelheim, and PPM Services; consultancy fees from Chiesi Farmaceutici, Novartis, and PPM Services; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, manuscript writing, or educational events from Boehringer Ingelheim; and participation on a data safety monitoring board or advisory board with AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, CSL Behring, GlycoCore Pharma, Merck, Novartis, Structure Therapeutics, and Trevi.Paolo Spagnolo and Surinder Birring are Editorial Board members of Pulmonary Therapy. Paolo Spagnolo and Surinder Birring were not involved in the selection of peer reviewers for the manuscript nor any of the subsequent editorial decisions.