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Article History

Received: 30 January 2024

Accepted: 5 November 2024

First Online: 22 January 2025

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

: This research draws upon the widely used Flickr-Faces-HQ (FFHQ) dataset, which has been extensively employed in various prior research studies. The FFHQ dataset is a high-quality image dataset of human faces, originally created as a benchmark for generative adversarial networks (GAN) is made available under Creative Commons BY-NC-SA 4.0 license by NVIDIA Corporation, is a publicly available dataset designed for research purposes and has gained recognition for its contributions to the field. It is important to emphasize that the FFHQ dataset contains images that were collected and shared under terms of use and distribution specified by its creators. As the dataset comprises images of individuals obtained from various sources, our study does not involve direct interaction with human subjects. Consequently, ethical considerations related to informed consent, privacy, and confidentiality do not apply to this research. We exclusively analyze the existing and de-identified image data to draw insights. We would like to acknowledge and appreciate the contributions of the creators of the FFHQ dataset. Proper citations to the dataset’s source and any pertinent publications that facilitated its establishment are provided in the references section of this manuscript. This section clearly communicates that the research utilizes the FFHQ dataset, specifying its origin, purpose, and absence of direct human subject involvement. We ensure that our citations and acknowledgments accurately reflect the dataset’s origin and any relevant contributions from its creators. Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study.