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Authors
Cui, Kai
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Article History
Received: 14 May 2025
Accepted: 13 July 2025
First Online: 31 July 2025
Declarations
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: The author declares that there are no Conflict of interest.
: All data used were obtained in accordance with ethical standards and legal requirements. The public datasets (CIFAR-10, Fashion-MNIST, California Housing, and New York Central Park Weather) contain no personal or sensitive information and were used following the providers’ terms. The synthetic data created for this study include no identifying details. Strict confidentiality and privacy were maintained in all data handling, and no identifying information is disclosed in this manuscript.
