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Article History

Received: 1 July 2025

Accepted: 9 January 2026

First Online: 31 January 2026

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

: This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors. All experiments are conducted on publicly available, fully anonymized benchmark datasets (Sentiment140 and IMDb); therefore, ethics approval and consent to participate were not required.

: Not applicable.