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Article History

Received: 12 January 2025

Accepted: 20 February 2025

First Online: 12 March 2025

Declarations

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: The authors declare no competing interests that could influence the content or findings presented in this study.

: The authors confirm that the study was conducted in accordance with applicable ethical standards and principles for research integrity. As this study primarily involves engineering methodologies, construction techniques, and sustainability evaluations, no human participants or animal subjects were involved, thus ethical approval and informed consent were not required. For case studies, such as the Ankeng Light Rail MRT System project, all data, plans, and methodologies were utilized with the explicit authorization and collaboration of relevant stakeholders, including New Asia Construction and Development Corporation and the Department of Rapid Transit Systems, New Taipei City Government. Data sharing and documentation adhered to confidentiality agreements and intellectual property rights as specified by the collaborating organizations. All materials used in this study were obtained through legal and ethical channels, ensuring transparency and accountability throughout the research process.