Article History

Received: 30 March 2025

Accepted: 21 September 2025

First Online: 4 October 2025

Change Date: 2 May 2026

Change Type: Update

Change Details: The original online version of this article has been revised to correct the author names in the author group.

Change Date: 2 May 2026

Change Type: Correction

Change Details: A Correction to this paper has been published:

Change Details: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41105-026-00651-x

Change Date: 31 October 2025

Change Type: Correction

Change Details: A Correction to this paper has been published:

Change Details: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41105-025-00614-8

Declarations

:

: This study was approved by the Nihon University Itabashi Hospital Clinical Research Review Board (RK-210914-5) and was registered with the University Hospital Medical Information Network (in Japan) Clinical Trials Registry (identification number UMIN000045833).

: All participants provided written informed consent.

: All authors have seen and approved the manuscript. This work was performed at Shinjuku Sleep and Respiratory Clinic, KEISHINKINENKAI Medical Corporation, Tokyo, Japan.

: K. Chin reports grants from the Research Foundation for Healthy Aging during the conduct of the study; grants and personal fees from Philips, Fukuda Denshi, Fukuda Lifetec Keiji and Tokyo, Resmed, Eisai, Aculys Pharm; personal fees from Shionogi, Teijin Pharma, and Lilly Japan outside the submitted work. S. Okumura reports personal fees from Phillips outside the submitted work; stock of MaRI Co., Ltd. outside the submitted work. K. Murase reports grants from Teijin Pharma outside the submitted work. H. Sunadome reports grants from Fukuda Denshi, Fukuda Lifetec Keiji, and ResMed outside the submitted work. S. Sato reports grants from Philips Japan, Fukuda Denshi, Fukuda Lifetec Keiji, ResMed, and Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim outside the submitted work. T. Hirai reports grants from Philips Japan, Fukuda Denshi, Fukuda Lifetec Keiji, and ResMed outside the submitted work. Y. Gon reports grants from Philips Japan, Fukuda Denshi, Fukuda Tokyo, and ResMed outside the submitted work. T. Sakamoto reports royalties or licenses from Ohmsha Ltd., and Mari Co., Ltd; personal fees from GLORY LTD, Sumitomo Electric Industries Ltd, Mitsubishi Electric Corporation, Science and technology Co., Ltd, Think&Act, Inc., KEYCOM Corporation, SINSHU UNIVERSITY, The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers (IEICE), Sony Semiconductor Solutions Corporation, SENSAIT Council (SAIC), Kyoto University Original Co., Ltd., Japan Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, Kyoto Research Park, Advanced Science, Technology & Management Research Institute of KYOTO, Science and Technology in Society (STS) Forum Kyoto Executive Committee (Kyoto City, Kyoto Prefecture, Kyoto Chamber of Commerce and Industry, Kyoto Convention Bureau), and Japan Science and Technology Agency; patents planned, issued, or pending from US Provisional Patent Application no. 63275949 and US Provisional Patent Application no. 63299958 outside the submitted work. H. Taki Hirofumi reports grants from MaRI Co., Ltd; personal fees from Kyoto University, Advanced Science, Technology & Management Research Institute of KYOTO, Ritsumeikan University, and Kyoto Research Park Corp. Public Foundation of Kansai Research Institute; stock and stock options of MaRI Co., Ltd. outside the submitted work. T. Akahoshi, D. Endo, K. Nagata, and T. Ito report nothing to disclose.