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Authors
Ismail, Muhammad Effendi
Yaakub, Mohammad Tawfik
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Multimedia University
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Article History
Received: 25 September 2024
Accepted: 31 August 2025
First Online: 17 December 2025
Declarations
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: This study is based on a case study analysis of the activities of Reformist and Conservative Islamic groups in Malaysia. Since it relies solely on secondary sources, including published materials and publicly available data, ethical approval was not required.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
