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Article History

Received: 6 May 2024

Accepted: 19 August 2024

First Online: 5 September 2024

Declarations

:

: The authors affirm that no conflicts of interest exist.

: In accordance with ethical principles and regulatory obligations, the insects used in this study, <i>Tuta absoluta, Tetranychus urticae</i> and <i>Bemisia tabaci,</i> were bred in compliance with current ethical standards. The insects were bred from cultures maintained at the Centre Technique des Cultures Protégées et Géothermiques (Chenchou, Gabès, Tunisia). breeding conditions were controlled in an isolated environment to avoid propagation to other crops.

: No human subjects were included in the study. Consent is not required.

: Not applicable.