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Authors
Rahayu, Sri Riska
Siregar, Abdul Rahman
Ramadhaniaty, Mutia
Razi, Nanda Muhammad
Rizal, Syamsul
Fadli, Nur
Handayani, Luvi Syafrida
Wilkes, Martin
Siti-Azizah, Mohd Nor
Niu, Su-fang
Muchlisin, Zainal Abidin
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia (No. 017/E5/PG.02.00/PL.PMDSU/2024)
Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia (No. 017/E5/PG.02.00/PL.PMDSU/2024)
Ministry and the Directorate General of Higher Education (No. 165.45/E4.4/KU/2023)
Ministry and the Directorate General of Higher Education (No. 165.45/E4.4/KU/2023)
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Article History
Received: 28 April 2025
Revised: 5 September 2025
Accepted: 27 September 2025
First Online: 29 October 2025
Declarations
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: This study received full approval from Universitas Syiah Kuala Committee for Research Ethics and Animal Welfare (Ethics Code: 958/2015). Specific sampling permits were not required, as the specimens were obtained from commercial fishers.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
