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Article History

Received: 12 September 2025

Revised: 24 February 2026

Accepted: 20 March 2026

First Online: 30 March 2026

Declarations

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: This study was conducted with minimal environmental impacts by adhering to best practices for sample collection and according to the permit granted to Kelp Blue Namibia. The research followed the University of Namibia's approved ethical clearance procedures (Ethical Clearance Reference Number: SNC0003), ensuring that all actions complied with institutional guidelines. Guidelines on authorship and the acknowledgement of other people’s work were rigorously followed to uphold academic integrity. All necessary permits and consents were acquired for data collection and the shipment of samples to other laboratories. The dataset in this study only covered the carbon biomass production at the giant kelp farm and did not quantify the actual contribution of farmed giant kelp to carbon sequestration, which depends on the unmeasured fate of the carbon transport, including dissolved organic matter persistence, particle sinking, microbial breakdown, and long-term burial.

: This work is original; it has not been submitted or published elsewhere in any form or language. Informed consent was obtained based on the principles of self-determination, honesty, objectivity, and respect for intellectual property. Confidentiality was meticulously maintained, and due consideration was given to protecting the privacy and rights of all participants throughout the research process. This approach ensured that the study was conducted with the highest ethical standards, respecting both the environment and individual contributors.

: The authors declare no competing interests.