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Cross-cultural dynamics of self-directed learning: an SEM analysis of enrichment activities and psychological constructs

Published Online: 2024-09-26

Published Print: 2025-01

Authors

Pongsophon, Pongprapan https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0213-2835
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Text and Data Mining valid from 2024-09-26

Version of Record valid from 2024-09-26
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Article History

Received: 30 April 2024

Accepted: 18 September 2024

First Online: 26 September 2024

Declarations

:

: This study involved secondary data analysis, with data retrieved from the PISA Data repository, which is open to the public for further research. Given the nature of this study as a secondary analysis of publicly available data, specific ethics approval and participant consent were not required.

: The author declares that he/she has no competing interests, financial or otherwise, that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this manuscript.

: This manuscript was edited with the assistance of AI-based tools for language and structural refinement. However, the core ideas and research findings are authentic and originated from the author. The use of AI was limited to editorial enhancement to ensure clarity and coherence of the text.

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