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Article History

Received: 21 July 2025

Revised: 20 November 2025

Accepted: 25 November 2025

First Online: 15 December 2025

Declarations

:

: The authors declare that they have no known financial interests, personal relationships, or Competing interests that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this manuscript.”

: All authors have read and approved the final manuscript and agree with its submission to Spatial Information Research.

: A manuscript does not involve any information related to human subjects.

: Data used and taken from literatures are properly cited.